Meiji Era: How Japan Transformed into a Global Power

The Meiji period (1868–1912) was one of the most important times in Japan’s history. In just a few decades, Japan changed from a country that was closed off from the world into a modern, powerful nation. During this time, Japan built new industries, developed a strong military, and created a government similar to those in Europe. By the early 1900s, Japan had become one of the strongest countries in the world. But how did this happen so quickly? Let’s take a closer look at how Japan changed during the Meiji period.

Before the Meiji period, Japan was ruled by the Tokugawa shogunate, a military government that had been in power for over 250 years. Japan was mostly closed off from the world, only trading with a few countries like China and the Netherlands. But by the 1800s, Western nations were becoming more powerful and wanted to trade with Japan. In 1853, American Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan with large warships and demanded that Japan open its ports. The Tokugawa government had no choice but to agree, signing treaties that gave foreigners special privileges in Japan. Many Japanese were angry about these unfair treaties and felt their country was being taken advantage of by Western nations. By the 1860s, powerful groups from areas like Satsuma and Choshu began fighting against the Tokugawa government. In 1868, they won, and Emperor Meiji was restored to power. Even though the emperor was in charge in name, real power was held by the leaders of the rebellion, who wanted to modernize Japan as quickly as possible.

One of the first things the new government did was change how Japan was ruled. Before, local lords called daimyo controlled their own regions. But during the Meiji period, the government got rid of the old system and divided Japan into prefectures, which were controlled by the national government. The old social class system was also abolished. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, people were divided into four main groups: samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants. The Meiji government ended this system, allowing people to choose their own jobs. Samurai, who had once been powerful warriors, lost their special status. Some found new jobs in business or government, but others struggled with the changes.

Before the Meiji period, Japan’s economy was based mostly on farming. While some small industries existed, Japan did not have modern factories like those in Europe and the United States. The Meiji government worked hard to change this by encouraging industrialization. The government invested in industries like steel, shipbuilding, and railroads. Since these industries were expensive to build, the government helped private companies get started. Over time, powerful business families called zaibatsu—such as Mitsubishi, Mitsui, and Sumitomo—became leaders in Japan’s economy. Education also played a big role in modernization. The Meiji government made school mandatory for children, focusing on subjects like science and engineering. Because Japan already had high literacy rates from the Edo period, many people were able to learn new skills quickly. This helped Japan develop modern industries at an impressive speed.

Another major goal of the Meiji leaders was to build a strong military. They got rid of the old samurai system and required all men to serve in the army. Japan looked at European countries for inspiration, modeling its army after Germany’s and its navy after Britain’s. Japan’s new military was soon tested in war. In 1894, Japan fought China in the First Sino-Japanese War. Even though China was much bigger, Japan won easily. This victory showed that Japan had become a serious military power. As a result, Japan gained control of Taiwan and increased its influence in Korea. Just ten years later, Japan went to war with Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. Many people thought Russia would win, but Japan shocked the world by defeating a major European power. The war ended in 1905, and Japan gained control of important territories in China and Korea. This victory proved that Japan had become one of the most powerful nations in the world.

While Japan was adopting many Western ideas, its leaders still wanted to keep the country’s unique identity. Schools began teaching loyalty to the emperor and pride in Japan’s traditions. In 1890, the government introduced the Imperial Rescript on Education, which encouraged students to respect their country and its leaders. At the same time, Japan’s leaders were careful about foreign influences. Christianity, which had gained followers after Japan opened its borders, was viewed with suspicion. Socialism, which was popular among factory workers facing poor conditions, was also seen as a threat. In 1910, several socialists were accused of planning to kill the emperor and were executed, showing how strictly the government controlled political ideas.

By the time Emperor Meiji died in 1912, Japan had changed completely. The country now had modern industries, a powerful military, and a strong government. It was no longer a closed-off feudal society—it had become one of the world’s leading nations. However, these changes also set the stage for Japan’s future conflicts. Japan’s growing military power and nationalism would later lead the country into wars in the Pacific during the 20th century. But despite the challenges, the Meiji period remains one of the most remarkable examples of a country transforming itself in a short amount of time. Japan’s success during this period showed that with determination and strong leadership, even a nation that had been isolated for centuries could become a global power.